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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (Macro-Etch) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645:<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n
ASTM<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
BS<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
DIN<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
SASO (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0650\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643:<\/p>\n
\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (ISO\u060c SASO\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n
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